EFRAG (European Financial Reporting Advisory Group) is an independent, non-profit organization that provides advice and support to the European Union (EU) on financial reporting and accounting matters.

Texas’s 2021 Anti-ESG Law and 2022 Blacklist refer to legislative and regulatory actions taken by the state of Texas to counteract what it views as discriminatory practices against the oil and gas industry by financial institutions that follow environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles.

Benchmarking ESG peers enhances a company's sustainability efforts by identifying best practices, improving performance, ensuring regulatory compliance, and increasing transparency.

Oil and gas companies with offshore infrastructure must decommission it when it's no longer useful—by plugging wells and removing platforms within set deadlines. As of June 2023, more than 2,700 wells and 500 platforms were overdue for decommissioning in the Gulf of Mexico. Delays can increase environmental, safety, and financial risks. For example, delays could indicate that companies are in financial trouble and may leave the government to pay for decommissioning. The Department of the Interior only holds about $3.5 billion in bonds from companies to cover a potential cost of $40-$70 billion.

The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is a proposed policy instrument designed to address the issue of carbon leakage in the European Union's (EU) climate change mitigation efforts.

CDP is a not-for-profit charity that runs the global disclosure system for investors, companies, cities, states, and regions to manage their environmental impacts. The world’s economy looks to CDP as the gold standard of environmental reporting, with the richest and most comprehensive dataset on corporate and city action.

The European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) are a set of standards developed under the mandate of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) by the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG). The ESRS aims to provide a unified framework for sustainability reporting within the European Union, enhancing the consistency, comparability, and reliability of sustainability information provided by companies.

The responsible allocation, management, and oversight of capital to create long-term value for clients and beneficiaries, leading to sustainable benefits for the economy, the environment, and society