Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are mathematical models that are used to study the interactions between the climate, the economy, and society. IAMs are used to assess the potential impacts of climate change on the economy, and to develop policies to mitigate climate change.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an intergovernmental organization that was established in 1974 to promote reliable, affordable, and clean energy for its member countries and the world.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a United Nations body that was established in 1988. Its mandate is to provide policymakers with objective, scientific information on climate change, its impacts, and possible adaptation and mitigation options.

Net zero refers to balancing the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted into the atmosphere and the amount removed.

Stranded assets are assets that have become obsolete or lost their economic value before the end of their expected life span, leaving investors or owners with assets that are no longer profitable or usable.

A social bond is a type of debt instrument that is issued to finance social or community projects.

A green bond is a type of debt instrument that is issued to finance environmental or climate-related projects.

Sustainable finance is an approach to financial decision-making that takes into account environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors.