An MSCI ESG Rating is designed to measure a company’s resilience to long-term, industry material environmental, social and governance (ESG) risks.

The ISS Governance Quality Score uses a numeric, decile-based score that indicates a company’s governance risk across four categories.

Bloomberg's Environmental and Social (ES) Scores are ratings that measure companies' environmental and social performance.

Bloomberg's ESG Disclosure Score is a rating system that measures the level of transparency and disclosure of a company's environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices.

ESG scores from Refinitiv are designed to transparently and objectively measure a company's relative ESG performance, commitment and effectiveness across 10 main themes (emissions, environmental product innovation, human rights, shareholders, etc.) based on publicly-reported data.

Scores are based on the Corporate Sustainability Assessment (CSA), previously known as the DJSI questionnaire.

MiFID II stands for the "Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II." It's a law in the European Union (EU) that regulates companies providing services linked to financial instruments (like stocks, bonds, units in collective investment schemes, and derivatives) and the places where those instruments are traded (like stock exchanges). Think of it as a set of rules to make financial markets more transparent, safe, and fair for everyone, especially for individual investors.

The IDD is about setting EU-wide rules for selling insurance products. It came into effect in October 2018.